A Large-Scale Multicenter Retrospective Study on Nephrotoxicity Associated With Empiric Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding acute kidney injury associated with concomitant administration of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam is conflicting, particularly in patients in the ICU. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does a difference exist in the association between commonly prescribed empiric antibiotics on ICU admission (vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomycin and cefepime, and vancomycin and meropenem) and acute kidney injury? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the eICU Research Institute, which contains records for ICU stays between 2010 and 2015 across 335 hospitals. Patients were enrolled if they received vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomycin and cefepime, or vancomycin and meropenem exclusively. Patients initially admitted to the ED were included. Patients with hospital stay duration of < 1 h, receiving dialysis, or with missing data were excluded. Acute kidney injury was defined as Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stage 2 or 3 based on serum creatinine component. Propensity score matching was used to match patients in the control (vancomycin and meropenem or vancomycin and cefepime) and treatment (vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam) groups, and ORs were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study the effect of longer courses of combination therapy and patients with renal insufficiency on admission. RESULTS: Thirty-five thousand six hundred fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria (vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, n = 27,459; vancomycin and cefepime, n = 6,371; vancomycin and meropenem, n = 1,824). Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam was associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury and initiation of dialysis when compared with that of both vancomycin and cefepime (Acute kidney injury: OR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.25-1.49]; dialysis: OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.14-1.45]) and vancomycin and meropenem (Acute kidney injury: OR, 1.27 [95%, 1.06-1.52]; dialysis: OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.23-2.00]). The odds of acute kidney injury developing was especially pronounced in patients without renal insufficiency receiving a longer duration of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam therapy compared with vancomycin and meropenem therapy. INTERPRETATION: VPT is associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury than both vancomycin and cefepime and vancomycin and meropenem in patients in the ICU, especially for patients with normal initial kidney function requiring longer durations of therapy. Clinicians should consider vancomycin and meropenem or vancomycin and cefepime to reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity for patients in the ICU.

Frameless neuronavigation with computer vision and real-time tracking for bedside external ventricular drain placement: a cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVE: A major obstacle to improving bedside neurosurgical procedure safety and accuracy with image guidance technologies is the lack of a rapidly deployable, real-time registration and tracking system for a moving patient. This deficiency explains the persistence of freehand placement of external ventricular drains, which has an inherent risk of inaccurate positioning, multiple passes, tract hemorrhage, and injury to adjacent brain parenchyma. Here, the authors introduce and validate a novel image registration and real-time tracking system for frameless stereotactic neuronavigation and catheter placement in the nonimmobilized patient. METHODS: Computer vision technology was used to develop an algorithm that performed near-continuous, automatic, and marker-less image registration. The program fuses a subject's preprocedure CT scans to live 3D camera images (Snap-Surface), and patient movement is incorporated by artificial intelligence-driven recalibration (Real-Track). The surface registration error (SRE) and target registration error (TRE) were calculated for 5 cadaveric heads that underwent serial movements (fast and slow velocity roll, pitch, and yaw motions) and several test conditions, such as surgical draping with limited anatomical exposure and differential subject lighting. Six catheters were placed in each cadaveric head (30 total placements) with a simulated sterile technique. Postprocedure CT scans allowed comparison of planned and actual catheter positions for user error calculation. RESULTS: Registration was successful for all 5 cadaveric specimens, with an overall mean (± standard deviation) SRE of 0.429 ± 0.108 mm for the catheter placements. Accuracy of TRE was maintained under 1.2 mm throughout specimen movements of low and high velocities of roll, pitch, and yaw, with the slowest recalibration time of 0.23 seconds. There were no statistically significant differences in SRE when the specimens were draped or fully undraped (p = 0.336). Performing registration in a bright versus a dimly lit environment had no statistically significant effect on SRE (p = 0.742 and 0.859, respectively). For the catheter placements, mean TRE was 0.862 ± 0.322 mm and mean user error (difference between target and actual catheter tip) was 1.674 ± 1.195 mm. CONCLUSIONS: This computer vision-based registration system provided real-time tracking of cadaveric heads with a recalibration time of less than one-quarter of a second with submillimetric accuracy and enabled catheter placements with millimetric accuracy. Using this approach to guide bedside ventriculostomy could reduce complications, improve safety, and be extrapolated to other frameless stereotactic applications in awake, nonimmobilized patients.

Convolutional neural networks to identify malformations of cortical development: A feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a deep learning model to automatically detect malformations of cortical development (MCD). METHODS: We trained a deep learning model to distinguish between diffuse cortical malformation (CM), periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), and normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We trained 4 different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. We used batch normalization, global average pooling, dropout layers, transfer learning, and data augmentation to minimize overfitting. RESULTS: There were 45 subjects (866 images) with a normal MRI, 52 subjects (790 images) with CM, and 32 subjects (750 images) with PVNH. There was no subject overlap between the training, validation, and test sets. The InceptionResNetV2 architecture performed best in the validation set in all models and was evaluated in the test set with the following results: 1) the model distinguishing between CM and normal MRI yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 and accuracy of 0.81; 2) the model distinguishing between PVNH and normal MRI yielded an AUC of 0.90 and accuracy of 0.84; 3) the model distinguishing between the three classes (CM, PVNH, and normal MRI) yielded an AUC of 0.88 and accuracy of 0.74. Visualization with gradient-weighted class activation maps and saliency maps showed that the deep learning models classified images based on relevant areas within each image. SIGNIFICANCE: This study showed that CNNs can detect MCD at a clinically useful performance level with a fully automated workflow without image feature selection.

Expandable Versus Static Cages in Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Expandable cages for interbody fusion allow for in situ expansion optimizing fit while mitigating endplate damage. Studies comparing outcomes after using expandable or static cages have been conflicting. METHODS: This was a meta-analysis A systematic search was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines identifying studies reporting outcomes among patients who underwent minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-LIF). RESULTS: Fourteen articles with 1129 patients met inclusion criteria. Compared with MIS-LIFs performed with static cages, those with expandable cages had a significantly lower incidence of graft subsidence (expandable: incidence 0.03, I2 22.50%; static: incidence 0.27, I2 51.03%, P interaction <0.001), length of hospital stay (expandable: mean difference [MD] 3.55 days, I2 97%; static: MD 7.1 days, I2 97%, P interaction <0.01), and a greater increase in disc height (expandable: MD -4.41 mm, I2 99.56%; static: MD -0.79 mm, I2 99.17%, P interaction = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference among Oswestry Disability Index (expandable: MD -22.75, I2 98.17%; static: MD -17.11, I2 95.26%, P interaction = 0.15), fusion rate (expandable: incidence 0.94, I2 0%; static incidence 0.92, I2 0%, P interaction = 0.44), overall change in lumbar lordosis (expandable: MD 3.48 degrees, I2 59.29%; static: MD 3.67 degrees, I2 0.00%, P interaction 0.88), blood loss (expandable: MD 228.9 mL, I2 100%; static: MD 261.1 mL, I2 94%, P interaction = 0.69) and operative time (expandable: MD 184 minutes, I2 95.32%; static: MD 150.4 minutes, I2 91%, P interaction = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS: Expandable interbody cages in MIS-LIF were associated with a decrease in subsidence rate, operative time and greater in increase in disc height.

Características clínicas de pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda según la función ventricular izquierda / Clinical characteristics of acute heart failure patients according to left ventricular function

Resumen Introducción: la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda es la causa más frecuente de hospitalización en pacientes mayores de 65 años. A la fecha se han publicado pocos estudios descriptivos en la población colombiana, por lo que se realizó un estudio observacional que expone las características clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de falla cardiaca aguda en Colombia. Métodos: se hizo un estudio observacional tipo corte-transversal con información obtenida de historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de falla cardiaca aguda entre los años 2011 a 2015 en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Estos datos se recolectaron a través del Registro Colombiano de Enfermedad Cardiovascular (RECODEC). Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 550 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 77 años. El análisis univariado evidenció mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad en hombres (55%) y una importante relación con hipertensión arterial (78,2%), enfermedad coronaria (31,8%) y fibrilación auricular (29,6). En cuanto a la estancia hospitalaria, se observó un promedio de 8 días en hospitalización general y de 1 día en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. En el análisis bivariado se dividieron los pacientes en tres grupos según la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: disminuida (<40%), limítrofe (41-49%) y preservada (>50). Como desenlaces finales se evaluaron mortalidad (8,4%) y aparición de arritmias (22,5%). Conclusiones: el análisis de la base de datos de RECODEC se ha utilizado para evaluar los aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Existe la necesidad de crear registros nacionales que en general permitan analizar el comportamiento de la población colombiana.

Abstract Introduction: Acute heart failure is the most frequent cause of hospital admissions in patients over 65 years-old. Only few descriptive studies have been published on the Colombian population. The aim is to carry out an observational study that determines the clinical characteristics of patients with acute heart failure in a hospital in Colombia. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using information from clinical records of patients diagnosed with acute heart failure between 2011 and 2015 in our Foundation. These data were collected using the Colombian Registry of Cardiovascular Disease (RECODEC). Results: The analysis was performed on the data from 550 patients, with a median age of 77 years. The univariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of the disease in men (55%), and a significant association with hypertension (78.2%), coronary disease (31.8%), and atrial fibrillation (29.6%). In the bivariate analysis, the patients were divided into three groups according to their left ventricular ejection fraction: decreased (<40%), restricted (41%-49%), and preserved (> 50%), with the preserved ejection fraction being the most prevalent. The main outcomes were mortality (8.4%) and the occurrence of arrhythmias (22.5%). Conclusions: It is important to take into account that the analysis of the RECODEC database has been used to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical aspects of cardiovascular disease. However, there is a need to create registries at a national level in order to analyse the general characteristics of the Colombian population.

Cardiomiopatía periparto / Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Resumen La cardiomiopatía periparto es una causa poco común de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda por la disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda en las mujeres que se encuentran en el tercer trimestre del embarazo o durante los meses siguientes al puerperio. Se expone el caso de una paciente de 37 años de edad primigestante con fertilización in vitro que ingresa con cuadro clínico de preeclampsia severa y estado fetal insatisfactorio, llevada a cesárea de emergencia, presentando posteriormente clínica de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda calientehúmeda. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura de esta patología con el diagnóstico, las manifestaciones clínicas, el tratamiento y el pronóstico.

Abstract Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare cause for acute heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction in women in their third trimester of pregnancy or during the months of the postpartum period. The case of a 37 year-old primiparous patient with in vitro fertilisation is presented; she was admitted with symptoms of severe preeclampsia and fetal distress, hence she was taken for emergency c-section, later showing symptoms of hot-humid acute heart failure. A literature review of this condition with the diagnosis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis is presented.